淮南潘北矿塌陷湿地土壤退化评价

采煤带来的地面塌陷是极为重要的新生环境地质问题。以淮南潘北矿塌陷湿地为研究区域,其总氮(TN)含量平均水平为1.04g/kg,总磷(TP)含量平均水平为425mg/kg,在空间分布上均有从非季节性积水区向季节性积水区递减的趋势。土壤理化性质指标间总氮与有机质(SOM)含量呈极显著正向相关,与pH呈负向相关,与有效磷(AP)呈正向相关;总磷与有效磷表现为极显著相关;AP与有效钾(AK)、SOM都有很好的相关关系。通过应用相关分析和模糊数学的原理,以TN、TP、AP、AK和SOM等5个土壤肥力指标为基础,对该区域季节性积水区和非积水区土壤肥力进行数值化综合评价。季节性积水区IFI为0.463,非积水区IFI为 0.601,表明塌陷湿地形成后会加剧水域周边土壤的退化。     

太阳光/电-Fenton法降解H-acid的表观动力学研究

进行了太阳光/电-Fenton法降解染料中间体H-acid模拟废水的表观动力学研究,通过对不同初始H-acid浓度和Fe2+浓度体系以及不同初始电压浓度体系反应的分析,确定该反应的表观动力学方程和动力学参数,为该技术降解H-acid废水优化反应条件提供了依据.结果表明,在固定初始pH值、支持电解质Na2SO4为0.10...     

绢云母负载N掺杂纳米二氧化钛的制备及性能研究

以绢云母为载体,采用水解-沉淀法制备出了绢云母负载纳米TiO2粉体(TiO2/M),以尿素为氮源,采用后掺杂法制得具有可见光响应的N掺杂TiO2/M.采用XRD,XPS,SEM,DUV等手段对样品进行了性能表征;并以日光色镝灯为光源,甲基橙为模拟污染物检测其光催化活性.研究了N的掺杂对粉体中TiO2晶相结构,粒度和光催化性能的影响.结果表明,绢云母与TiO2通过桥氧相连形成包覆层,N的掺杂抑制了TiO2晶粒的长大,减缓锐钛矿向金红石相的转变,同时N的掺杂形成Ti—O—N键,形成新的能级结构,使样品对光的吸收边红移至440—550 nm,具有明显的可见光响应,对甲基橙的光催化降解率与没有掺N的样品相比,最高可达1.6倍.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）生物降解过程对植物生长的影响评价

通过苏丹草（Sorghum sudanense Stapf）、籽粒笕（Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.）、豇豆（Vigna sesquipedalis Wight）种子的发芽试验及其盆栽试验,考察了PBS在土壤浸提液中的生物降解性能,探讨了PBS高聚物、低聚物和合成单体对植物的发芽和生长影响。研究结果表明：①在土壤浸提液中微生物对PBS有一定的降解作用,且在降解过程中,降解液的pH变化不明显;②PBS高聚物的降解产物对植物生长没有影响;③P BS低聚物在降解初期抑制部分植物的幼苗生长,后期对植物的生长没有影响;④当丁二酸的质量浓度低于200 mg.L^-1时,对植物种子的发芽和幼苗生长不会产生影响,当质量浓度高于500 mg.L^-1时,将抑制幼苗生长;当1,4-丁二醇的质量浓度低于2 000 mg.L-1时,对种子的发芽和生长没有影响。     

Population viability of the Siberian Tiger in a changing landscape: Going, going and gone?

The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is a flagship species of the boreal forest ecosystem in northeastern China and Russia Far East. During the past century, the tiger population has declined sharply from more than 3000 to fewer than 600 individuals, and its habitat has become much smaller and greatly fragmented. Poaching, habitat degradation, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation have been widely recognized as the primary causes for the observed population decline. Using a population viability analysis tool (RAMAS/GIS), we simulated the effects of poaching, habitat degradation, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation on the population dynamics and extinction risk of the Amur tiger, and then explored the relative effectiveness of three conservation strategies involving improving habitat quality and establishing movement corridors in China and Russia. A series of controlled simulation experiments were performed based on the current spatial distribution of habitat and field-observed vital rates. Our results showed that the Amur tiger population could be viable for the next 100 years if the current habitat area and quality were well-maintained, with poaching strictly prohibited of the tigers and their main prey species. Poaching and habitat degradation (mainly prey scarcity) had the largest negative impacts on the tiger population persistence. While the effect of habitat loss was also substantial, habitat fragmentation per se had less influence on the long-term fate of the tiger population. However, to sustain the subpopulations in both Russia and China would take much greater conservation efforts. The viability of the Chinese population of tigers would rely heavily on its connectivity with the largest patch on the other side of the border. Improving the habitat quality of small patches only or increasing habitat connectivity through movement corridors alone would not be enough to guarantee the long-term population persistence of the Amur tiger in both Russia and China. The only conservation strategy that allowed for long-term persistence of tigers in both countries required both the improvement of habitat quality and the establishment of a transnational reserve network. Our study provides new insights into the metapopulation dynamics and persistence of the Amur tiger, which should be useful in landscape and conservation planning for protecting the biggest cat species in the world.     

蚯蚓和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤五氯酚的影响

利用土壤五氯酚（PCP）污染模拟实验,研究两种不同生态型蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida和壮尾环毛蚓Amynthas robustus E.Perrie）和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤PCP的影响。在42 d培养期内,测试了不同处理下PCP质量分数、漆酶活性,以及土壤呼吸和微生物碳氮等微生物指标。结果表明：堆肥固定化漆酶降解土壤PCP的效果优于壳聚糖固定化漆酶和自由漆酶,主要原因是堆肥固定化漆酶能够有效地提高漆酶稳定性,减缓其活性下降速度。此外,堆肥还能提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,显著提升土壤漆酶的活性。添加两种生态型蚯蚓对漆酶活性影响不显著,但均可以显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,加速土壤中PCP的降解。壮尾环毛蚓对土壤微生物数量与活性的提升效果优于赤子爱胜蚓。     

一株壬基酚降解菌的分离鉴定及其对壬基酚同分异构体降解特性研究

壬基酚(NP)是典型的内分泌干扰物,具有雌激素效应.目前对NP的研究主要集中于微生物降解对其整体去除效果,而对各NP同分异构体的降解行为尚缺乏系统性研究.从钱塘江沉积物中筛选得到一株能够降解NP的细菌,命名为N-1,实验室条件下该菌能以NP为唯一碳源生长.经形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,N-1鉴定为假黄单胞菌(Pseudoxanthomonas sp.).通过正交试验确定N-1降解NP的最适条件为:温度30℃,p H=7.0,菌量10%,NP浓度5~10 mg·L~(-1).最适条件下,N-1对NP 16 d整体降解率可达88.0%,对10种NP异构体降解率在69.7%~100%之间,说明N-1对NP同分异构体的降解具有结构-降解特性,即不同结构NP异构体表现出不一样的降解能力.进一步研究发现,NP异构体降解率随着NP烷基C链长度增加而升高,随着烷基取代基结构越复杂而降低.NP降解选择性导致的难降解成分残留现象,为NP类异构体污染物的微生物修复提供了一定的理论依据.     

甲硫醇降解菌群筛选及其降解特性研究

从处理甲硫醚(DMS)和丙硫醇(PT)混合废气的生物滴滤塔中富集出一组能够有效降解甲硫醇(MT)的混合菌群,并对其特性进行了系列研究.结果表明,该混合菌群能有效降解MT,菌群较为适宜的生长和降解条件为30℃、p H=7.0,在该条件下能将初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1)的MT在70 h内降解完全.添加酵母膏(YE)后,MT降解速率进一步提高,降解所需时间缩短10 h.利用高通量测序技术分析混合菌群的群落结构,发现其中优势菌属为Pseudomonas sp.、Thiobacillus sp.和Acinetobacter sp.,所占比例分别为33.78%、21.91%和17.01%.中间产物检测结果表明,混合菌群降解MT的过程中产生了甲醛、H_2S、二甲基二硫醚(DMDS)等物质,推断MT的降解途径可能有如下2条:(1)MT在MT氧化酶作用下形成甲醛和H2S,随后氧化为SO_4~(2-);(2)MT依次转化为DMDS、DMS、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和二甲基砜(DMSO_2),最后经甲基磺酸(MSA)可生成SO_4~(2-).     

改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水体中头孢噻肟

抗生素对环境的危害已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本实验以改性生物炭(MB)为载体制备了负载纳米零价铁的功能生物炭(Fe/MB).以头孢噻肟(CFX)为目标抗生素,研究了该材料对头孢噻肟的降解特性及影响因素,并探讨了去除机理.实验结果表明,50 min内头孢噻肟的去除率为92%(Fe/MB用量为0.4 g·L~(-1),溶液p H=5.0,头孢噻肟浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),振荡速率为200 r·min~(-1),柠檬酸浓度为1.47 mmol·L~(-1)).头孢噻肟的去除过程存在改性生物炭的吸附和纳米零价铁还原降解的协同作用,数据符合伪二级反应动力学方程(R20.99).采用紫外可见光谱结合质谱分析了降解产物的结构并提出头孢噻肟的降解途径.